SNAILS AS BIOLOGICAL MONITOR (BIOINDICATOR)
ARUN KUMAR SRIVASTAVA *
Department of Zoology, Shri Guru Goraksha Nath P.G. College, Jogia, Ghughli, Maharajganj-273151, Uttar Pradesh, India.
VINAY KUMAR SINGH
Malacology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur – 273009, Uttar Pradesh, India.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
A biological monitor reveals the qualitative status of the environment that are present in many water bodies can be monitored for biochemical or behavioural changes that may indicate a problem within their ecosystem. Bioindicators can tell us about the cumulative effects of different pollutants in the ecosystem. Due to their ubiquitous distribution and enormous species number, molluscs play important ecological roles in the different aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems of the world. They provide key species for ecosystem functioning because they contribute to huge amounts of the biomass on the different trophic levels in ecosystems. Gastropods represent the only molluscan class in terrestrial ecosystems and consequently, snails are the only molluscs which can be used for bioindication and biomonitoring purposes in these environments. Most species of the snails play a dominant role in the fresh waters by providing food for other organisms like fish and improve water quality by consuming large quantities of detritus and algae. The heavy metal accumulates in the body of the soft parts of the animal, as well as in the shell Gastropoda. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by gastropods are influenced by environmental factors such as water flow, water availability, pH, sediment, salinity, and other.
Keywords: Soil nematodes, Biomonitor, Mylonchulus species, pollutant, Manipur, ecosystem, India, heavy metals, gastropoda, accumulation, contamination.
How to Cite
References
Parmar TK, Rawtani D, Agrawal YK. Bioindicators: the natural indicator of environmental pollution. Frontiers in Life Science. 2016;9(2):1-9.
Manickavasagam S, Sudhan C, Bharathi Aanand S. Bioindicators in aquatic environment and their significance. J. Aqua Trop. 2019;34(1):73-79.
Friedrich G, Chapman D, Beim A. Chapter 5 - The use of biological material. Water Quality Assessments - A Guide to Use of Biota, Sediments and Water in Environmental Monitoring - Second Edition Edited by Deborah Chapman © 1992, 1996 UNESCO/WHO/UNEP ISBN 0 419 21590 5 (HB) 0 419 21600 6 (PB); 1992.
Gall JE, Boyd RS, Rajakaruna N. Transfer of heavy metals through terrestrial food webs: a review. Environ Monit Assess. 2015;187:201.
Vaufleury AD, Pihan F. Growing snails as sentinels to evaluate terrestrial environment contamination by trace elements. Chemosphere. 2000;40(3):275-84.
Singh R, Gautam N, Mishra A, Gupta R. Heavy metals and living systems: An overview. Indian J Pharmacol. 2011;43(3):246–253.
Nica DV, Bura M, Gergen I, Harmanescu M, Bordean DM. Bioaccumulative and conchological assessment of heavy metal transfer in a soil-plant-snail food chain. Chemistry Central Journal. 2012;6:55.
Benbow ME, Receveur JP, Lamberti GA. Death and decomposition in aquatic ecosystems. Front. Ecol. Evol; 2020.
Coen LD, Bishop MJ. The ecology, evolution, impacts and management of host–parasite interactions of marine molluscs. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 2015;131:177–211.
Parker LM, Ross PM, Connor WAO, Pörtner HO, Scanes E, Wright JM. Predicting the response of molluscs to the impact of ocean acidification. Biology (Basel). 2013;2(2):651–692.
Oehlmann J, Oehlmann US. Chapter 17 Molluscs as bioindicators.Bioindicators and biomonitors B.A. Markert, A.M. Breure, H.G. Zechmeister, editors © 2002 Eselvier Science B.V. 577-635.
Jasim IM. Terrestrial invertebrates as a bioindicators of heavy metals pollution. Baghdad Science Journal. 2015;12(1).
Flandroy L, Poutahidis T, Berg G, Clarke G, Dao MC, Decaestecker E, Haahtela ET, Massart S, Plovier H, Sanz Y, Rook G. The impact of human activities and lifestyles on the interlinked microbiota and health of humans and of ecosystems. Science of the Total Environment. 2018;627:1018-1038.
Gburi HFAA, Tawash BSA, Lafta HAS. Environmental assessment of Al-Hammar Marsh, Southern Iraq. Heliyon. 2017;3(2):e00256.
Rai PK. Heavy metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems and its phytoremediation using wetland plants: an ecosustainable approach. International Journal of Phytoremediation. 2008;10(2):131-58.
Samsi AN, Asaf R, Sahabuddin Santi A, Wamnebo MI. Review: Gastropods as A Bioindicator and Biomonitoring Metal Pollution. Aquacultura Indonesiana. 2017;18(1):1-8.
Strong EE, Gargominy O, Ponder WF, Bouchet P. Global diversity of gastropods (Gastropoda; Mollusca) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia. 2008;595:149–166.
Tracey S. Gastropoda. natural history Museum, London, United Kingdom; 2010.
Elder JF, Collins JJ. Freshwater molluscs as indicators of bioavailability and toxicity of metals in surface-water systems. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 1991;122:37-79.
Salánki J, Anna F, Kamardina T, Rózsa KS. Molluscs in biological monitoring of water quality. Toxicology Letters. 2003;140-141:403-410.
Rzymski P, Niedzielski P, Klimaszyk P, Poniedziałek B. Bioaccumulation of selected metals in bivalves (Unionidae) and Phragmites australis inhabiting a municipal water reservoir. Environ Monit Assess. 2014;186(5):3199–3212.
Sowa A, Krodkiewska M, Halabowski D, Lewin I.. Response of the mollusc communities to environmental factors along an anthropogenic salinity gradient. Sci Nat. 2019;106:60.
Olaniran AO, Balgobind A, Pillay B. Bioavailability of heavy metals in soil: impact on microbial biodegradation of organic compounds and possible improvement strategies. Int J Mol Sci. 2013;14(5):10197–10228.
Stankovic S, Kalaba P, Stankovic AR. Biota as toxic metal indicators. Environ Chem Lett. 2014;12:63–84.
Covich AP, Palmer MA, Crowl TA. The role of benthic invertebrate species in freshwater ecosystems: zoobenthic species influence energy flows and nutrient cycling. BioScience. 1999;49 (2):119–127.
Pabian SE, Brittingham MC. Terrestrial liming benefits birds in an acidified forest in the northeast. Ecological Applications. 2007;17(8):2184-2194.
Amadi CN, Frazzoli C, Orisakwe OE. Sentinel species for biomonitoring and biosurveillance of environmental heavy metals in Nigeria, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C. 2020;38(1):21-60,
Authman MMN, Zaki MS, Khallaf EA and Abbas HH. Use of Fish as Bio-indicator of the Effects of Heavy Metals Pollution. J Aquac Res Development 2015, 6:4.
Vinarski MV, Bolotov IN, Aksenova OV, Babushkin ES, Bespalaya YV Makhrov AA, Nekhaev IO, Vikhrev IO. Freshwater Mollusca of the Circumpolar Arctic: a review on their taxonomy, diversity and biogeography. Hydrobiologia 27 April, 2020.
Walters ET. Nociceptive Biology of Molluscs and Arthropods: Evolutionary Clues About Functions and Mechanisms Potentially Related to Pain. Front Physiol. 2018; 9: 1049.
Zierold T, Hanfling B and Gómez A. Recent evolution of alternative reproductive modes in the 'living fossil' Triops cancriformis. BMC Evol Biol. 2007, 7: 161.
Abdallah AT. Efficiency of invertebrate animals for risk assessment and biomonitoring of hazardous contaminants in aquatic ecosystem, a review and status report. Environ risk assess remediat. 2017,1(1):13-18
Gundacker C. Comparison of heavy metal bioaccumulation in freshwater mollusks of urban river habitats in Vienna. Environmental Pollution.2020, 110(1):61-71
Jaishankar M, Tseten T, Anbalagan N, Mathew BB, Beeregowda KN. Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals. Interdiscip Toxicol. 2014, 7(2): 60–72.
Nho NT, Marchand C, Strady E, Phat NH, Trang TTN. Bio-accumulation of some trace elements in tropical mangrove plants and snails (Can Gio, Vietnam). Environmental Pollution, Elsevier. 2019, 248: 635-645.
Amin B, Ismail A, Arshad A, Yap CK, Kamarudin MS .Gastropod Assemblages as Indicators of Sediment Metal Contamination in Mangroves of Dumai, Sumatra, Indonesia. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution.2009, 201: 9–18.
Wolf HD, Rashid RJ. Heavy metal accumulation in Littoraria scabra along polluted and pristine mangrove areas of Tanzania. Environmental Pollution 152(3):636-43.
Hodkinson ID, Jackson JK. Terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates as bioindicators for environmental monitoring, with particular reference to mountain ecosystems. Environmental Management. 2005;35:649–666.
Ansari TM, Marr IL, Tariq N. Heavy metals in marine pollution perspective–a mini review. Journal of Applied Sciences. 2004;4:1-20.
Marshall DJ, Abdelhady AA, Wah DTT, Mustapha N, Gӧdeke SH, Silva LCD, Spencer JMH. Biomonitoring acidification using marine gastropods. Sci Total Environ. 2019;20(692):833-843.
Jackson BP, Bugge D, Ranville JF, Chen CY. Bioavailability, toxicity, and bioaccumulation of quantum dot nanoparticles to the amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus. Environ Sci Technol. 2012;46(10):5550–5556.
Tchounwou PB, Yedjou CG, Patlolla AK, Sutton DJ. Heavy metals toxicity and the environment. EXS. 2012;101:133–164.
Atobatele OE, Olutona GO. Distribution of three non-essential trace metals (Cadmium, Mercury and Lead) in the organs of fish from Aiba Reservoir, Iwo, Nigeria. Toxicol Rep. 2015;2:896–903.
Sorogya AE, Kammarc AE, Zikob A, Alyd M, Nour H. Gastropod shells as pollution indicators, Red Sea coast, Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences. 2013;87:93-99.
Suratissa DM, Rathnayake U. Effect of pollution on diversity of marine gastropods and its role in trophic structure at Nasese Shore, Suva, Fiji Islands. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity. 2017;10(2):192-198.
Wolf HD, Ulomib SA, Backeljau T, Pratap CHB, Blust R. Heavy metal levels in the sediments off our Dares Salaam mangroves Accumulationin ,and effect on the morphology of the periwinkle, Littoraria scabra (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Environment International. 2001;26:243-249.
Ruiz, JM, Barreiro R, González JJ. Biomonitoring organotin pollution with gastropods and mussels. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 2005;287:169-76.
Htwe HZ, Naung NO. Marine gastropods and bivalves in the mangrove swamps of Myeik Areas, Taninthayi region, Myanmar. J Aquac Mar Biol. 2019;8(3):82‒93.